Unleashing Adult Learners’ Numeracy Agency Through Self-Determined Online Professional Development

Authors

  • Chris Walsh Victoria University
  • Leicha Bragg Victoria University
  • Tracey Muir University of Tasmania
  • Greg Oates University of Tasmania

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v23i3.6046

Keywords:

online professional development (OPD), numeracy, self-determined learning, experiential learning, heutagogy, families, design research

Abstract

Opportunities for self-determined online professional development (OPD) are emerging, but their potential for increasing adult learners’ agency is not yet fully realised. Faced with the problem of successfully designing a self-determined comprehensive evidence-based online numeracy resource for educators who are often time poor and do not engage with online learning unless they are intrinsically motivated, we engaged in design research to conceptualise the Birth to Level 10 Numeracy Guide for educators and families. The Birth to Level 10 Numeracy Guide fosters educators’ and adult learners’ numeracy capability across numeracy focus areas from birth to level 10 (16-year-olds). This extensive OPD resource incorporates consistent design elements, double-looped learning, nonlinear learning, self-reflection, and metacognition activities to foster educators’ pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) through experiential learning. With a section dedicated to families, the resource provides suggestions and advice to parents and carers on everyday, authentic activities to develop children and young people’s numeracy understandings at home and in the local community. As education systems continue to grapple with the disruption brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, the Birth to Level 10 Numeracy Guide is a timely, freely accessed, viable, and scalable option for providing low-cost OPD.

References

Abutabenjeh, S., & Jaradat, R. (2018). Clarification of research design, research methods, and research methodology: A guide for public administration researchers and practitioners. Teaching Public Administration, 36(3), 237–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0144739418775787

Agonács, N., & Matos, J. F. (2017). Towards a heutagogy-based MOOC design framework. In C. Delgado Kloos, P. Jermann, M. Pérez-Sanagustín, D. Seaton, S. White, D. Jansen, & M. Calise (Eds.), Proceedings of EMOOCs 2017: Work in Progress Papers of the Experience and Research Tracks and Position Papers of the Policy Track (pp. 47–52). CEUR-WS. http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1841/R01_127.pdf

Agonács, N., & Matos, J. F. (2019). Heutagogy and self-determined learning: A review of the published literature on the application and implementation of the theory. Open Learning, 34(3), 223–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2018.1562329

Andresen, L., Boud, D., & Cohen, R. (2000). Experience-based learning. In G. Foley (Ed.), Understanding adult education and training (2nd ed., pp. 225–239). Allen & Unwin. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003118299-22

Argyris, C. (2002). Double-loop learning, teaching, and research. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 1(2), 206–218. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2002.8509400

Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2018a). Australian Curriculum Foundation-10 Curriculum (Version 8.4). https://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/f-10-curriculum/

Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2018a). Senior secondary curriculum (Version 8.4). https://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/senior-secondary-curriculum/

Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2018b). General capabilities: Numeracy (Version 8.4). https://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/f-10-curriculum/general-capabilities/numeracy/

Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2018c). National literacy and numeracy learning progressions. https://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/resources/national-literacy-and-numeracy-learning-progressions/

Ávalos, B. (1998). School-based teacher development the experience of teacher professional groups in secondary schools in Chile. Teaching and Teacher Education, 14(3), 257–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(97)00040-1

Azevedo, J. P., Hasan, H., Goldemberg, D., Iqbal, S. A., & Geven, K. (2020, June). Simulating the potential impacts of COVID-19 school closures on schooling and learning outcomes: A set of global estimates. Policy Research Working Papers. World Bank Group. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/798061592482682799-0090022020/original/covidandeducationJune17r6.pdf

Ball, D. L., Thames, M. H., & Phelps, G. (2008). Content knowledge for teaching: What makes it special? Journal of Teacher Education, 59(5), 389–407. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487108324554

Barnett, C. (1991). Building a case-based curriculum to enhance the pedagogical content knowledge of mathematics teachers. Journal of Teacher Education, 42(4), 263–272. https://doi.org/10.1177/002248719104200404

Beaven, T., Hauck, M., Comas-Quinn, A., Lewis, T., & de los Arcos, B. (2014). MOOCs: Striking the right balance between facilitation and self-determination. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 10(1), 31–43. https://jolt.merlot.org/vol10no1/beaven_0314.pdf

Bhamani, S., Makhdoom, A. Z., Bharuchi, V., Ali, N., Kaleem, S., & Ahmed, D. (2020). Home learning in times of COVID: Experiences of parents. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 7(1), 9–26. http://jmsnew.iobmresearch.com/index.php/joeed/article/view/8

Blaschke, L. M. (2012). Heutagogy and lifelong learning: A review of heutagogical practice and self-determined learning. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 13(1), 56–71. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v13i1.1076

Blaschke, L. M. (2013). E-learning and self-determined learning skills. In S. Hase & C. Kenyon (Eds.), Self-determined learning: Heutagogy in action (pp. 55–68). Bloomsbury Academic.

Blaschke, L. M. (2019). The pedagogy–andragogy–heutagogy continuum and technology-supported personal learning environments. In I. Jung (Ed.), Open and Distance Education Theory Revisited (pp. 75–84). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7740-2_9

Blaschke, L. M., & Hase, S. (2016). Heutagogy: A holistic framework for creating twenty-first-century self-determined learners. In B. Gros & M. M. Kinshuk (Eds.), The future of ubiquitous learning (pp. 25–40). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47724-3_2

Bojanek, E. K., Raley, S. K., Shogren, K. A., & Lane, K. L. (2021). Examining the impact of professional development on the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction for general and special educators. Inclusion, 9(2), 118-133. https://doi.org/10.1352/2326-6988-9.2.118

Camburn, E. M., & Han, S. W. (2015). Infrastructure for teacher reflection and instructional change: An exploratory study. Journal of Educational Change, 16(4), 511–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-015-9252-6

Cash, P. J. (2018). Developing theory-driven design research. Design Studies, 56, 84–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2018.03.002

Collins, A., Joseph, D., & Bielaczyc, K. (2004). Design research: Theoretical and methodological issues. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 13(1), 15–42. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327809jls1301_2

Dalgarno, N., & Colgan, L. (2007). Supporting novice elementary mathematics teachers’ induction in professional communities and providing innovative forms of pedagogical content knowledge development through information and communication technology. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23(7), 1051–1065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2006.04.037

Department of Education and Training (Victoria). (2017). High impact teaching strategies: Excellence in teaching and learning. https://www.education.vic.gov.au/Documents/school/teachers/support/high-impact-teaching-strategies.pdf

Department of Education and Training (Victoria). (2017). Literacy and numeracy strategy.. https://www.education.vic.gov.au/Documents/school/teachers/teachingresources/literacynumeracy/Literacy_and_Numeracy_Strategy_Phase_2.pdf

Dowling, P. (2002). The sociology of mathematics education: Mathematical myths/pedagogic texts. Routledge.

Ertmer, P. A., Richardson, J., Cramer, J., Hanson, L., Huang, W., Lee, Y., O’Connor, D., Ulmer, J., & Urn, E. J. (2005). Professional development coaches: Perceptions of critical characteristics. Journal of School Leadership, 15(1), 52–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/105268460501500103

Ferri, F., Grifoni, P., & Guzzo, T. (2020). Online learning and emergency remote teaching: Opportunities and challenges in emergency situations. Societies, 10(4), 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc10040086

Garbe, A., Ogurlu, U., Logan, N., & Cook, P. (2020). COVID-19 and Remote Learning: Experiences of Parents with Children during the Pandemic American Journal of Qualitative Research, 4(3), 45–65. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/8471

Gillaspy, E., & Vasilica, C. (2021). Developing the digital self-determined learner through heutagogical design. Higher Education Pedagogies, 6(1), 135-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/23752696.2021.1916981

Girvan, C., Conneely, C., & Tangney, B. (2016). Extending experiential learning in teacher professional development. Teaching and Teacher Education, 58, 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.04.009

Goos, M., Geiger, V., & Dole, S. (2012). Changing teacher practice through a rich model of numeracy across the curriculum. In 12th International Congress on Mathematical Education, Topic study group 21. ICME. https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:278741

Gresham, G. (2018). Preservice to inservice: Does mathematics anxiety change with teaching experience? Journal of Teacher Education, 69(1), 90–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487117702580

Hase, S., & Kenyon, C. (2007). Heutagogy: A child of complexity theory. Complicity: An International Journal of Complexity and Education, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.29173/cmplct8766

Hauge, K. (2019). Teachers’ collective professional development in school: A review study. Cogent Education, 6(1), Article 1619223. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2019.1619223

Kleickmann, T., Richter, D., Kunter, M., Elsner, J., Besser, M., Krauss, S., & Baumert, J. (2013). Teachers’ content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge: The role of structural differences in teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, 64(1), 90–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487112460398

Kolb, A.Y., & Kolb, D.A. (2005), The Kolb learning style inventory – Version 3.1: 2005 technical specifications. Haygroup: Experience Based Learning Systems Inc.

Kolb, D. A. (1976). The learning style inventory: Technical manual. McBer.

Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice-Hall.

Lee, Y., Capraro, R. M., & Capraro, M. M. (2018). Mathematics teachers’ subject matter knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge in problem posing. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 13(2), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.12973/iejme/2698

MacDonald, A. (2018). Mathematics in early childhood education. Oxford University Press.

Magidin de Kramer, R., Masters, J., O'Dwyer, L. M., Dash, S., & Russell, M. (2012). Relationship of online teacher professional development to seventh-grade teachers' and students' knowledge and practices in English language arts. The Teacher Educator, 47(3), 236-259. https://doi.org/10.1080/08878730.2012.685795

McKenney, S., & Reeves, T. C. (2018). Conducting educational design research. Routledge.

Moon, J. A. (2004). A handbook of reflective and experiential learning: Theory and practice. RoutledgeFalmer.

Muir, T. (2012). Numeracy at home: Involving parents in mathematics education. International Journal for Mathematics Teaching and Learning, 1–13. https://www.nationalnumeracy.org.uk/sites/default/files/documents/numeracy_at_home/numeracy_at_home_involving_parents_in_maths_education.pdf

Muir, T., Bragg, L., Murphy, C., Walsh, C., & Oates, G. (2020). Dynamic approaches to online learning of numeracy for educators and families. Australian Primary Mathematics Classroom, 25(4), 25–30.

Park, S., & Oliver, S. (2008). Revisiting the conceptualisation of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK): PCK as a conceptual tool to understand teachers as professionals. Research in Science Education, 38, 261–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-007-9049-6

Pedder, D., & Opfer, V. D. (2011). Conceptualising teacher professional learning. Review of Educational Research, 81(3), 376–407. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654311413609

Powell, C. G., & Bodur, Y. (2019). Teachers’ perceptions of an online professional development experience: Implications for a design and implementation framework. Teaching and Teacher Education, 77, 19–30. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0742051X17316724

Power, K. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the care burden of women and families. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 16(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2020.1776561

Reimers, F., Schleicher, A., Saavedra, J., & Tuominen, S. (2020). Supporting the continuation of teaching and learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Annotated resources for online learning. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/education/Supporting-the-continuation-of-teaching-and-learning-during-the-COVID-19-pandemic.pdf

Reeves, T. C. (2006). Design research from a technology perspective. In J. Van den Akker, K. Gravemeijer, & S. McKenney (Eds.), Educational Design Research (pp. 52–66). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203088364

Shulman, L. S. (1986). Those who understand: Knowledge growth in teaching. Educational Researcher, 15(2), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X015002004

Suppo, J. L., & Mayton, M. R. (2014). Expanding training opportunities for parents of children with autism. Rural Special Education Quarterly, 33(3), 19-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/875687051403300304

Thompson, N., & Pascal, J. (2012). Developing critically reflective practice. Reflective Practice, 13(2), 311–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2012.657795

United Nations. (2020, August). Policy brief: Education during COVID-19 and beyond. https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/sg_policy_brief_covid-19_and_education_august_2020.pdf

Van Driel, J. H., & Berry, A. (2012). Teacher professional development focusing on pedagogical content knowledge. Educational Researcher, 41(1), 26–28. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X11431010

vanOostveen, R., Desjardins, F., & Bullock, S. (2019). Professional development learning environments (PDLEs) embedded in a collaborative online learning environment (COLE): Moving towards a new conception of online professional learning. Education and information technologies, 24(2), 1863–1900. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-018-9686-6

Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority [VCAA]. (2016). Victorian early years learning and development framework (VEYLDF). Department of Education and Training, Victorian Government. https://www.education.vic.gov.au/Documents/childhood/providers/edcare/veyldframework.pdf

Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority [VCAA]. (2019). Victorian curriculum: Foundation to 10. Department of Education and Training, Victorian Government. https://victoriancurriculum.vcaa.vic.edu.au/

Watson, J. (2009). Critical numeracy. Tasmanian Department of Education, Faculty of Education, University of Tasmania, & Newspapers in Education, The Hobart Mercury. http://tas-education.org/numeracy/critical_numeracy/critical_numeracy.htm

Westwood, P. (2011). The problem with problems: Potential difficulties in implementing problem-based learning as the core method in primary school mathematics. Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties, 16(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/19404158.2011.563475

Published

2022-09-01

How to Cite

Walsh, C., Bragg, L., Muir, T., & Oates, G. . (2022). Unleashing Adult Learners’ Numeracy Agency Through Self-Determined Online Professional Development . The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 23(3), 240–258. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v23i3.6046

Issue

Section

Research Articles