Use of Artificial Intelligence

The use of AI tools must be disclosed in a transparent and meaningful manner.

Disclosure is intended not merely to identify the use of a particular technology, but to support scholarly accountability and allow readers to understand how AI may have influenced the development, organization, analysis, or presentation of scholarly work. The purpose of disclosure is to preserve trust, transparency, and the integrity of the scholarly record while ensuring that responsibility remains clearly attributable to human authors.

For specific instructions for authors on the requirements for disclosing the use of artificial intelligence, please review the guidelines for submissions.

Human oversight is required for all substantive uses of AI.

Authors, reviewers, and editors must critically evaluate, verify, and where necessary revise AI-assisted outputs before relying upon them in scholarly work or decision-making. AI systems may produce inaccuracies, fabricated information, misleading recommendations, or outputs influenced by algorithmic bias. Authors and reviewers must remain attentive to the risks of automation bias, whereby individuals place undue trust in machine-generated outputs without sufficient critical scrutiny. Responsibility for identifying and mitigating such risks rests entirely with the human and cannot be delegated to AI systems.

Peer review and editorial evaluation remain fundamentally human processes.

AI tools may be used to support aspects of review, analysis, or editorial workflow only where confidentiality obligations are maintained and human reviewers or editors retain full responsibility for all evaluations, recommendations, and decisions. AI-generated assessments, recommendations, or analyses must not be accepted uncritically and must remain subject to independent human judgment. The integrity of peer review depends upon active human oversight and accountability throughout the evaluation process.