@article{Grant_Spencer_2003, title={The Personalized System of Instruction: Review and Applications to Distance Education}, volume={4}, url={https://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/152}, DOI={10.19173/irrodl.v4i2.152}, abstractNote={<P class=abstract>The present paper (a) outlines the basic features of the Personalized System of Instruction (PSI); (b) provides a brief history of PSI; and (c) describes the application of PSI to distance education. Some common misconceptions about PSI are also addressed. PSI is presented as a helpful universally applicable set of instructional practices that are well suited to distance teaching and learning.</P> <P class=abstract><B>Key Terms:</B> Personalized System of Instruction, distance learning, computer-based instruction, mastery-learning, self-pacing, higher-order objectives, scholarship of teaching, proctors, tutoring.</P> <p>}, number={2}, journal={The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning}, author={Grant, Lyle K. and Spencer, Robert E.}, year={2003}, month={Oct.} }