Open-Access Textbooks and Financial Sustainability: A Case Study on Flat World Knowledge

Many college students and their families are concerned about the high costs of textbooks. A company called Flat World Knowledge both gives away and sells open-source textbooks in a way it believes to be financially sustainable. This article reports on the financial sustainability of the Flat World Knowledge open-source textbook model after one year of operation.


Introduction
Money is tight for college students in any economy, but during difficult economic times students work harder than ever to reduce expenses. One of the key expenses students face is the price of textbooks. The National Association of College Stores (2009) estimates that the average student in the United States spends $702 on textbooks per year. In total, students in the United States spend $5.5 billion each year on required textbooks-and this includes only purchases made at on-campus bookstores (National Association of College Stores, 2009).
Whether or not e-books can solve the problem of high textbook costs is still open to debate (Butler, 2009;Albanese, 2009). Many companies are rushing forward to distribute electronic textbooks that are substantially cheaper than printed copies. There has been a consistent hype stating that e-book sales will eclipse those of print books (Nelson, 2008), and this happened for the first time on Amazon.com on Christmas Day of 2009 (Allen, 2009).
While the rising prominence of e-books in general (e.g., Amazon's Kindle, Apple iBooks, and the Google Bookstore) may indicate a growing opportunity for electronic textbooks, ebooks are hampered by some disadvantages. For example, digital rights management technologies prevent some e-books from being downloaded or used on multiple computers, and it is difficult or impossible to resell an e-book (Foster, 2005).
From a student's perspective, the most attractive textbook would likely be a free one. Hilton and Wiley (2010) discuss a variety of organizations that make free digital textbooks available to college students. In some cases, government initiatives are sponsoring projects to make digital textbooks available to students for free or at a low cost. For example, the U.S. state of Washington has an initiative that would cap the cost of classroom materials at $30.00 per class (Overland, 2011). The United States Department of Labor has also announced grants that could be used to fund open-textbook projects (Gonzalez, 2011).
In other cases, for-profit and non-profit organizations are working to make free digital textbooks available. Because these organizations provide their textbooks for free, their longterm financial sustainability is an issue. Hilton and Wiley (2010) provide background on some of these organizations. Multiple authors have presented information about the sustainability of open educational resources in general (Downes, 2007;Koohang & Harman, 2007;Wiley, 2006). The present study focuses on the financial sustainability of one forprofit company that produces free and openly licensed textbooks: Flat World Knowledge. According to the FWK model, an expert author writes a textbook and receives editorial and design support from FWK. The finished book is made available online for free access under a Creative Commons Attribution, Noncommercial, Share Alike license (BY-NC-SA, Creative Commons, n.d.). Alternate formats of the book (such as printed and audio versions) as well as supplemental materials are created and made available for purchase. Hilton and Wiley (2010) provide additional detail about the FWK model and outline a variety of ways that FWK believes its pro-openness stance is educationally beneficial, including allowing professors to remix textbook content more easily (and legally) and offering students a free digital option for their required textbooks. Hilton and Wiley (2010) examined the results of FWK's alpha and beta tests. During alpha testing, a majority of surveyed faculty members and students expressed interest in the FWK open approach. For the beta test, FWK made six of their textbooks available to students in 27 different classes. In total, approximately 750 students enrolled in these classes. Each of these students had access to the free online version of the textbook and no purchase was required. Of these 750 students, 442 (59%) placed at least one order with FWK, with the average student spending $28.20. Approximately 40% of students chose to purchase a print copy of the textbook even though the online version was available for free (printed books were sold from the same site where the free version was available).  Table 1 shows the number of classes participating and the number of students enrolled for each of these semesters. Students in these classes could access their textbook in a variety of ways. They could (1) buy a print copy of the book from their local university bookstore or from an online site such as Amazon.com; (2) buy a complete print, PDF, or audio version of the text directly from FWK; (3) buy specific chapters, but not the whole book, from FWK; or (4) access the textbook online for free.

Revenue
A total of 16,461 print textbooks were purchased over the three semesters, generating $479,259 of revenue. Of these print copies, 10,970 (67%) were purchased through a campus bookstore. In total, approximately 29% of students purchased a print copy of the textbook.
In addition to these print textbook purchases, many students purchased digital products directly from FWK. Table 2 shows the number of additional products purchased as well as the revenue associated with these products. Approximately one in four of the students who registered on the site made a purchase there.
The average buyer made 1.3 purchases, with the average purchase totaling $30.89. Because many of these purchases were collections of resources bundled together the number of total unit purchases (181,563) is much higher than the average number of purchases.
Costs FWK published its first 10 textbooks at an average cost of approximately $150,000 per book. Since these first 10 books were published, the average cost of producing a book has decreased to $120,000 per book due to increases in operational efficiencies. Broken down, those new costs are authoring (writing) fees (average $15,000, which is the upfront fee paid to authors and does not include royalties paid on book sales); • peer reviewing (average $20,000); • design, illustrations, art (average $15,000); • production (XML, proofing, QA, etc.) (average $25,000); • alternate versions (audio, handheld, etc.) (average $15,000); • instructor ancillaries (average $15,000); and • student ancillaries (average $15,000).
In addition to the production costs of creating the textbooks, there are additional costs in-  would take approximately three years to recoup the costs of producing these initial books ($150,000, as stated previously). Of course, these numbers do not include administrative, overhead, and other costs not related to the production of books.
We should note, however, that enrollment grew from 790 students in the private beta period to 57,690 students in the first year of normal operation. Should enrollment continue to increase, the amount of time required to recover the costs of book production and to become profitable will decrease.

Conclusion
Many people in higher education have been looking at the possibility of using free and open textbooks (Baker, 2008;Baker, Thierstein, Fletcher, Kaur, & Emmons, 2009). Digital media drives down the marginal cost of additional copies of books, making it possible for many to access the resources at a potentially low cost. Currently, electronic texts represent less than 10% of existing textbook sales (Butler, 2009). Will this figure change soon? Nicholas and Lewis (2009) point out that although "every year is predicted to be the year that electronic textbooks take off," they haven't yet done so (p. 4). However, in a small-scale study of middle-class students, they did find that "if an e-textbook were just $25 less than a print version, 75% of the students would select it" (p. 7). They further hypothesized that "at a school with a more diverse student population, such as a community college, cost is likely to be even more of a determining factor" (p. 7). Thus, if textbooks can be given away online for free, e-textbook adoption could really take off.
Although free may sound good to consumers, it can be very difficult to make money if you are giving away your product (Anderson, 2009)

. Michael Jensen of the National Academies
Press recently reported that his organization (which makes all of its materials available for free) is facing declining sales (Hadro, 2010). Only a few years earlier, Jensen reported that giving digital books away had increased sales (Jensen, 2007). Thus, when dealing with free digital content, what worked today may not work tomorrow. As FWK moves forward with its specific model, it may encounter challenges if an increasing number of students become comfortable with the free version of its textbooks and choose not to purchase printed books or ancillary materials.
However, if FWK (or other organizations) can find sustainability while distributing free digital textbooks, the textbook market could be dramatically altered. Because it is so hard to compete with "free," textbook prices would likely come down and eventually become only a small part of the cost of higher education. The potential for the disruption of the textbook publishing industry, as well as the potential savings to students, is enormous if one or more